Geology of Lehigh and Northampton Counties, PA

Fully Expanded Table of Contents

Based on the tables of contents from the volumes, titles shortened in some instances or changed to correct discrepancies with the text, see the errata section for more information.

Also see expandable/collapseable Browse.

Lehigh County

Plate 01.Geologic map of Lehigh County - In pocket

Plate 02.Map of Lehigh County showing location of mines and quarries - Inpocket

Plate 03.Muhlenberg College on a limestone hill - Frontispiece

Front matter, table of contents - p.i-vi

p.i

p.ii

p.iii

p.iv

p.v

p.vi

Foreword, by B. L. Miller - p.vii-viii

p.vii

p.viii

Introduction, by B. L. Miller - p.001-005

Outline of geological history - p.001

Culture - p.002-005

Use - p.002

Population - p.003

Highways - p.003

Census of Lehigh County 1790-1940 - p.004

Railroads, trolleys and canals - p.005

Early historical development, by B. L. Miller - p.006-022

Pre-Indian occupation - p.006

Indian occupation - p.007-010

p.007

p.008

p.009

p.010

Indian jasper quarries - p.011-018

p.011

p.012

p.013

p.014

p.015

p.016

p.017

p.018

Early white settlers - p.019

Bibliography - p.020-022

p.020

p.021

p.022

Development of the knowledge of geography and geology, by B. L. Miller -p.023-062

p.023

Bibliography and cartography - p.024-062

p.024

p.025

p.026

p.027

p.028

p.029

p.030

p.031

p.032

p.033

p.034

p.035

p.036

p.037

p.038

p.039

p.040

p.041

p.042

p.043

p.044

p.045

p.046

p.047

p.048

p.049

p.050

p.051

p.052

p.053

p.054

p.055

p.056

p.057

p.058

p.059

p.060

p.061

p.062

Toponymy, by B. L. Miller - p.063-083

p.063

p.064

p.065

p.066

Place names - p.067-083

p.067

p.068

p.069

p.070

p.071

p.072

p.073

p.074

p.075

p.076

p.077

p.078

p.079

p.080

p.081

p.082

p.083

Weather and climate, by B. L. Miller - p.084-105

p.084

p.085

Temperature - p.086-89

p.086

p.087

p.088

p.089

Precipitation - p.090-091

p.090

p.091

Snowfall - p.092-093

p.092

p.093

Humidity - p.094

General character of weather - p.094

Winds - p.095-103

p.095

p.096

p.097

p.098

p.099

p.100

p.101

p.102

p.103

Storms - p.104-105

p.104

p.105

Physiography, by B. L. Miller - p.106-137

p.106

Topographic features - p.107-111

p.107

p.108

p.109

p.110

p.111

Origin of physiographic features - p.112-115

p.112

p.113

p.114

p.115

Peneplanes - p.116

Streams - p.117-122

p.117

p.118

p.119

p.120

p.121

p.122

Floods - p.123-125

p.123

p.124

p.125

Water gaps and wind gaps - p.126-131

p.126

p.127

p.128

p.129

p.130

p.131

Caves, sinks and underground drainage system - p.132-134

p.132

p.133

p.134

Other physiographic features - p.135-137

p.135

p.136

p.136 (plate 12)

p.136 (plate 13)

p.137

Stratigraphy, by B. L. Miller - p.138-141

p.138

p.139

p.140

p.141

Stratigraphy and petrography of the pre-Cambrian rocks, by D. M. Fraser- p.142-160

p.142

Formation description - p.143

Franklin formation - p.144-145

p.144

p.145

Moravian Heights formation - p.146-148

p.146

p.147

p.148

Pochuck gneiss - p.149-153

p.149

p.150

p.151

p.152

p.153

Metadiabase - p.154

Bryam granite gneiss - p.155-158

p.155

p.156

p.157

p.158

Pegmatitic material - p.159-160

p.159

p.160

General description of the Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic rocks, by B.L. Miller - p.161-244

Paleozoic era - p.161-163

p.161

Cambrian system - p.162

Ordovician system - p.163

Silurian system - p.163

Mesozoic era - p.163-164

p.163

Triassic system - p.164

Cenozoic era - p.164

Pleistocene period, Glacial epoch - p.164

Recent era - p.164

Cambrian system - p.165-192

Hardyston formation, by B. L. Miller and P. B. Myers - p.165-179

p.165

p.166

p.167

p.168

p.169

p.170

p.171

p.172

p.173

p.174

p.175

p.176

p.177

p.178

p.179

Tomstown formation, by B. L. Miller - p.180-185

p.180

p.181

p.182

p.183

p.184

p.185

Allentown formation, by B. L. Miller - p.186-192

p.186

p.187

p.188

p.189

p.190

p.191

p.192

Ordovician system - p.193-228

Beekmantown formation, by B. L. Miller - p.193-201

p.193

p.194

p.195

p.196

p.197

p.198

p.199

p.200

p.201

Jacksonburg formation, by Ralph L. Miller - p.202-212

p.202

p.203

p.204

p.205

p.206

p.207

p.208

p.209

p.210

p.211

p.212

Martinsburg formation, by Bradford Willard - p.213-228

p.213

p.214

p.215

p.216

p.217

p.218

p.219

p.220

p.221

p.222

p.223

p.224

p.225

p.226

p.227

p.228

Silurian system, by B. L. Miller - p.229-230

Tuscarora formation - p.229-230

p.229

p.230

Triassic system, by Edgar T. Wherry - p.231-235

Brunswick formation - p.231-235

p.231

p.232

p.233

p.234

p.235

Quaternary system, by B. L. Miller - p.236-245

Glacial deposits - p.236-244

p.236

p.237

Wisconsin ice sheet - p.238

Illinoian ice sheet - p.239-243

p.239

p.240

p.241

p.242

p.243

Pre-Illinoian (Jerseyan) ice sheet - p.244

Alluvial deposits - p.245

Colluvial deposits - p.245

Residual deposits - p.245

Structure, by B. L. Miller - p.245-250

p.245

p.246

p.247

p.248

p.249

p.250

Mineral resources, by B. L. Miller - p.251-420

p.251

Iron ore - p.252-326

History of operations - p.252-257

p.252

p.253

p.254

p.255

p.256

p.257

Limonite ores - p.258-315

Distribution - p.258

Occurrence - p.259

Physical character - p.260-261

p.260

p.261

Chemical Composition - p.262

Origin - p.263-268

p.263

p.264

p.265

p.266

p.267

p.268

Method of working - p.269

Preparation for market - p.270

Economic considerations - p.271

Descriptions of individual mines, by Albert J. Getz - p.272-315

p.272

p.273

p.274

p.275

p.276

p.277

p.278

p.279

p.280

p.281

p.282

p.283

p.284

p.285

p.286

p.287

p.288

p.289

p.290

p.291

p.292

p.293

p.294

p.295

p.296

p.297

p.298

p.299

p.300

p.301

p.302

p.303

p.304

p.305

p.306

p.307

p.308

p.309

p.310

p.311

p.312

p.313

p.314

p.315

Magnetite ores - p.316-323

p.316

p.316 (plate26)

p.317

p.318

p.319

p.320

p.321

p.322

p.323

Hematite ores - p.324-325

p.324

p.325

Iron carbonate (siderite) ores - p.326

Zinc - p.326-353

p.326

p.327

p.328

p.329

p.330

p.331

p.332

p.333

p.334

p.335

p.336

p.337

p.338

p.339

p.340

p.341

p.342

p.343

p.344

p.345

p.346

p.347

p.348

p.349

p.350

p.351

p.352

p.353

Manganese - p.354-356

p.354

p.355

p.356

Lead, copper, gold - p.357

Pyrite - p.358-360

p.358

p.359

p.360

Ocher - p.361-366

p.361

p.362

p.363

p.364

p.365

p.366

Limestones - p.367-373

p.367

p.368

p.369

p.370

p.371

p.372

p.373

Cement - p.374-391

p.374

p.375

p.376

p.377

p.378

p.379

p.380

p.381

p.382

p.383

p.384

p.385

p.386

p.387

p.388

p.389

p.390

p.391

Building stone - p.392-394

p.392

p.393

p.394

Clay and shale - p.395-400

p.395

p.396

p.397

p.398

p.399

p.400

Slate, by B. L. Miller and C. H. Behre, Jr. - p.401-415

p.401

p.402

p.403

p.404

p.405

p.406

p.407

p.408

p.409

p.410

p.411

p.412

p.413 (plate35)

p.414

p.415

Sand and gravel - p.416-418

p.416

p.417

p.418

Graphite - p.419-420

p.419

p.420

Minor products - p.421

Ground water resources - p.421-434

p.421

p.422

p.423

p.424

p.425

p.426

p.427

p.428

p.429

p.430

p.431

p.432

p.433

p.434

Soils - p.435-441

p.435

p.436

p.437

p.438

p.439

p.440

p.441

Agriculture - p.442

p.442

Mineralogy, by B. L. Miller - p.443-469

p.443

p.444

p.445

p.446

p.447

p.448

p.449

p.450

p.451

p.452

p.453

p.454

p.455

p.456

p.457

p.458

p.459

p.460

p.461

p.462

p.463

p.464

p.465

p.466

p.467

p.468

p.469

Geologic History, by B. L. Miller - p.470-478

p.470

Pre-Cambrian history, by D. M. Fraser - p.471

p.472

p.473

p.474

p.475

p.476

p.477

p.478

Index - p.479-492

p.479

p.480

p.481

p.482

p.483

p.484

p.485

p.486

p.487

p.488

p.489

p.490

p.491

p.492

Illustrations

Plates

01.Geologic map of Lehigh County - In pocket

02.Map of Lehigh County showing location of mines and quarries - In pocket

03.Muhlenberg College on a limestone hill - Frontispiece

04.A, Kern's saw mill; B, Snyder's grist mill - p.120

05.A, Wehr's dam and mill; B, Broken dam on Indian Creek - p.120

06.A, Lehigh River at Allentown; B, Meander in Lehigh River - p.120

07.A, Jeter Island; B, Broken mill dam near Germansville - p.120

08.A, Jordan Creek, log dam; B, Jordan Creek, silt deposits - p.120

09.A, Lyon Creek at Lyon Valley; B, Jordan Creek - p.120

10.Flood at Allentown Aug. 24, 1933 - p.120

11.A, Lehigh Gap from south; B, Lehigh Gap from north - p.120

12.A, The Devil's Pulpit; B, Bake Oven Knob - p.136

13.A, Bear Rocks; B, Bauer Rock or Big Rock - p.136

14.Photomicrographs of thin sections of rocks - p.168

15.A, Jasper cliff west of Mountainville; B, Large Scolithus - p.168

16.A, Common Scolithus linearis; B, Irregular Scolithus; C, Coarse oolite - p.168

17.A, Limestones, Tomstown formation; B, Dolomite, Beekmantown formation - p.168

18.Alternating light and dark beds of limestones, Allentown formation - p.200

19.Large heads of Cryptozoa in the Allentown formation - p.200

20.Martinsburg shales with Allentown and Jacksonburg limestones - p.200

21.Beekmantown and Jacksonburg limestones - p.200

22.Folding of Tomstown and Beekmantown limestones - p.250

23.A, Dolomitic Allentown limestones; B, Dolomite between Beekmantown limestones - p.250

24.A, Folding of Jacksonburg and Beekmantown strata - p.250

25.A, Lehigh Furnace; B, Crane Iron Company furnaces; C, Ironton limonite mines - p.250

26.Map showing magnetic surveys in the vicinity of Vera Cruz - p.316

27.Recent view of Ueberroth zinc mine, Friedensville - p.348

28.Old Hartman mine, Friedensville - p.348

29.Ueberroth mine, Friedensville: A, About 1877; B, Recent view- p.348

30.Ueberroth mill and open cut, Friedensville, in 1877 - p.348

31.Coplay Cement Manufacturing Company with upright kilns - p.396

32.Fogelsville plant of the Lehigh Portland Cement Company - p.396

33.Illinoisan glacial till in clay pit, South Allentown - p.396

34.A, Kern quarries, Slatedale; B, Anticline of Eureka quarry, Slatedale - p.396

35.Structure sections at Slatington and Slatedale - p.413

36.A, West part of Slatington with slate quarries; B, Typical slate quarry - p.396

37.Slate quarry operations: A, Slab pried loose; B, Hoisted; C, Cut by saw - p.396

38.Slate quarry operations: A, Splitting; B, Trimming; C, Punching holes - p.396

39.A, Sand and gravel pit, East Allentown; B, Typical sandstone quarry - p.396

Figures

01.Section of jasper pit showing refuse layers, fire sites - p.018

02.Wind diagrams for January to June - p.102

03.Wind diagrams for July to December - p.103

04.Physiographic subdivisions of Pennsylvania - p.106

05.Cross section of Jordan Creek valley showing alluvial fill - p.121

06.Sketches showing drainage changes in the vicinity of Lehigh Gap - p.131

07.Columnar section of rocks in Lehigh County - p.141

08.Cross section of pre-Cambrian belt of Lehigh County - p.153

09.Map showing the distribution of the Jacksonburg lime stone in Lehigh County - p.202

10.Diagrams explaining the structural relations of the Jacksonburg limestone - p.212

11.Sketch map showing distribution of the Martinsburg and other elastic sediments - p.214

12.Sections across the Martinsburg formation by Behre, Stose and Willard - p.223

13.Map of Friedensville zinc mines - p.351

14.Section across Hughes quarry to show inferred structure - p.407

15.Sharp anticline with northward overturning, in Lehigh Gap quarry - p.408

16.Typical folding of the slate beds, near Slatington, in Eureka quarry - p.411

17.Fold in wall of Manhattan quarry near Slatedale - p.415

Northampton County

Plate 01.Geologic map of Northampton County - In pocket

Plate 02.Aerial view of Deleware Water Gap - Frontispiece

Front matter, table of contents - p.i-viii

p.i

p.ii

p.iii

p.iv

p.v

p.vi

p.vii

p.viii

Foreword, by B. L. Miller - p.ix-x

p.ix

p.x

Introduction, by B. L. Miller - p.001-006

p.001

Culture - p.002

Use - p.002

Population - p.003-004

p.003

p.004

Highways - p.005

Railroads - p.006

Early historical development, by B. L. Miller - p.007-011

Indians - p.007

White men - p.008-011

p.008

p.009

p.010

p.011

Development and knowledge of the geography and geology, by B. L. Miller - p.012-055

p.012

Bibliography and cartography - p.013-055

p.013

p.014

p.015

p.016

p.017

p.018

p.019

p.020

p.021

p.022

p.023

p.024

p.025

p.026

p.027

p.028

p.029

p.030

p.031

p.032

p.033

p.034

p.035

p.036

p.037

p.038

p.039

p.040

p.041

p.042

p.043

p.044

p.045

p.046

p.047

p.048

p.049

p.050

p.051

p.052

p.053

p.054

p.055

Toponymy, by B. L. Miller - p.056-073

p.056

p.057

Place names - p.058-073

p.058

p.059

p.060

p.061

p.062

p.063

p.064

p.065

p.066

p.067

p.068

p.069

p.070

p.071

p.072

p.073

Climate and weather, by B. L. Miller - p.074-114

p.074

p.075

p.076

p.077

Temperature - p.078-093

p.078

p.079

p.080

p.081

p.082

p.083

p.084

p.085

p.086

p.087

p.088

p.089

p.090

p.091

p.092

p.093

Precipitation - p.094-107

p.094

p.095

p.096

p.097

p.098

p.099

p.100

p.101

p.102

p.103

p.104

p.105

p.106

p.107

Snowfall - p.108-109

p.108

p.109

Humidity - p.110

General character of weather - p.110

Winds - p.111

Storms - p.112-114

p.112

p.113

p.114

Physiography, by B. L. Miller - p.115-158

p.115

Topographic characteristics - p.116-128

p.116

p.117

p.118

p.119

p.120 (plate 03)

p.121 (plate 04)

p.122

p.123

p.124

p.125

p.126

p.127

p.128

Streams - p.129-131

p.129

p.130

p.131

Floods - p.132-135

p.132

p.133

p.134

p.135

Evolution of the drainage system - p.136-138

p.136

p.137 (plate 05)

p.138

Water gaps - p.139-144

p.139

p.140

p.141

p.142

p.143

p.144

Stratigraphy and structure of Kittatinny (Blue) Mountain gaps, by Bradford Willard - p.145-151

p.145

p.146

p.147

p.148

p.149

p.150

p.151

Wind Gaps - p.152-154

p.152

p.153

p.154

Caves, sinks and underground drainage systems - p.155-158

p.155

p.156

p.157

p.158

Stratigraphy and petrography of Pre-Cambrian and Paleozoic igneous rocks, by D. M. Fraser - p.159-203

p.159

p.160

General Statement - p.161

Franklin formation - p.162-169

p.162

p.163

p.164

p.165

p.166

p.167

p.168

p.169

Moravian Heights formation - p.170-174

p.170

p.171 (plate 06)

p.172

p.173

p.174

Pochuck gneiss - p.175-186

p.175

p.176 (plate 07)

p.177 (plate 08)

p.178 (plate 09)

p.179

p.180

p.181

p.182

p.183

p.184

p.185

p.186

Bryam granite gneiss - p.187-192

p.187

p.188

p.189

p.190

p.191 (plate 10)

p.192

Pegmatitic material - p.193

Paleozoic igneous activity - p.194-197

p.193

p.194

p.195

p.196

p.197

Pegmatite - p.198-199

p.198

p.199 (plate 11)

Metadiabase - p.200-203

p.200

p.201

p.202

p.203

Stratigraphy of the Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic rocks, by B. L. Miller - p.204-292

Cambrian system - p.204-240

p.204

p.205

Hardyston formation, by B. L. Miller and P. B. Myers - p.206-222

p.206

p.207

p.208

p.209

p.210

p.211

p.212

p.213

p.214

p.215

p.216

p.217

p.218

p.219

p.220 (plate 12)

p.221

p.222

Tomstown formation - p.223-228

p.223

p.224

p.225

p.226

p.227

p.228

Allentown formation - p.229-240

p.229

p.230

p.231

p.232

p.233

p.234

p.235

p.236

p.237 (plate 13)

p.238 (plate 14)

p.239

p.240

Ordovician system - p.241-269

Beekmantown formation - p.241-248

p.241

p.242

p.243

p.244

p.245

p.246

p.247

p.248

Jacksonburg formation, by Ralph L. Miller - p.249-262

p.249

p.250

p.251

p.252 (plate 15)

p.253

p.254

p.255

p.256

p.257

p.258

p.259

p.260

p.261

p.262

Martinsburg formation, by B. L. Miller and Charles H. Behre, Jr. - p.263-269

p.263

p.264

p.265

p.266

p.267

p.268

p.269

Silurian system - p.270-271

Shawangunk formation - p.270-271

p.270

p.271

Triassic system - p.272-273

Brunswick formation - p.272-273

p.272

p.273

Quaternary system - p.274-292

Glacial deposits - p.274-291

p.274

p.275

p.276

Wisconsin ice sheet - p.277-283

p.277

p.278

p.279

p.280

p.281

p.282

p.283

Illinoian ice sheet - p.284-290

p.284

p.285

p.286

p.287 (plate 16)

p.288 (plate 17)

p.289

p.290

Pre-Illinoian ice sheet - p.291

Alluvial deposits - p.292

Structure, by B. L. Miller and Donald M. Fraser- p.293-310

p.293

p.294

p.295

p.296

p.297

p.298

p.299

p.300

p.301

p.302

p.303

p.304

p.305 (plate 18)

p.306 (plate 19)

p.307

p.308

p.309 (plate 20)

p.310 (plate 21)

Economic Geology, by B. L. Miller - p.311-408

Iron Ore - p.311-345

p.311

p.312

p.313

p.314

Limonite - p.315-343

Distribution - p.315

Occurrence - p.316

Physical character - p.317-318

p.317

p.318

Composition - p.319-320

p.319

p.320

Origin - p.321-327

p.321

p.322

p.323

p.324

p.325

p.326

p.327

Method of working - p.328-329

p.328

p.329

Preparation for market - p.330

Economic considerations - p.331

Descriptions of individual limonite iron ore mines - p.332-343

p.332

Mines in the Cambro-Ordovician limestones - p.333-338

p.333

p.334

p.335

p.336

p.337

p.338 (plate 22)

Mines in the Hardyston formation - p.339-343

p.339

p.340

p.341

p.342

p.343

Iron carbonate (siderite) ore - p.344

Magnetite iron ores - p.345

Copper - p.346

Manganese - p.347

Mineral pigments - p.348-351

p.348

p.349

p.350

p.351

p.352

p.353

p.354

Gold, silver, lead, zinc - p.352

Cement - p.352-368

Quarry methods - p.355

Portland cement manufacture - p.356

Different kinds of portland cement - p.356

Cement rock - p.357

Description of individual plants - p.357-368

Lawrence Portland Cement Company - p.357

Universal Atlas Cement Company - p.358

Lehigh Portland Cement Company, Bath plant - p.359

Keystone Portland Cement Company - p.360

Pennsylvania-Dixie Cement Corporation, plants 5 and 6 - p.360

Pennsylvania-Dixie Cement Corporation, plant 4 - p.361

Lone Star Cement Corporation - p.361-362

p.361

p.362

Nazareth Cement Company - p.363

Hercules Cement, Corporation - p.363

Lehigh Portland Cement Company, Sandt's Eddy plant - p.364

Alpha Portland Cement Corporation - p.364

National Portland Cement Company - p.365

Northampton Portland Cement Company - p.366

Bonneville Portland Cement Company - p.366

Lily White Cement Company - p.366

Production of portland cement in Northampton County - p.367-368

p.367

p.368

Limestones - p.369-381

Limestone for lime - p.369-373

p.369

p.370

p.371

p.372

p.373

Limestones for flux - p.374-376

p.374

p.375

p.376

Limestone for crushed stone- p.377

Limestone for cement - p.378-381

p.378

p.379

p.380

p.381

Building stone - p.382-387

p.382

p.383 (plate 23)

p.384 (plate 24)

p.385

p.386 (plate 25)

p.387

Slate, by Charles H. Behre, Jr., and B. L. Miller - p.388-390

p.388

p.389

p.390

Serpentine and talc - p.391-393

p.391

p.392 (plate 26)

p.393 (plate 27)

Quartz-sillimanite-mica schist - p.394

Sand and gravel - p.395-398

p.395

p.396

p.397

p.398

Clay - p.399-405

p.399

p.400

p.401

p.402 (plate 28)

p.403 (plate 29)

p.404

p.405

Abrasives - p.406

Peat - p.407

Ground water resources, by B. L. Miller and Carl A. Warmkessel - p.409-428

p.409

Kittatinny (Blue) Mountain region - p.410

Martinsburg slate region - p.411-412

p.411

p.412

Limestone regions - p.413-416

p.413

p.414

p.415

p.416

Cambrian sandstones - p.417

Pre-Cambrian gneisses - p.417

Municipal water supplies - p.418-420

p.418

p.419

p.420

Wells - p.421-426

p.421

p.422

p.423

p.424

p.425

p.426

Springs - p.427

Analyses of well and spring waters - p.428

Soils - p.429-434

p.429

p.430

p.431

p.432

p.433

p.434

Mineralogy, by B. L. Miller - p.435-463

p.435

p.436

p.437

p.438

p.439

p.440

p.441

p.442

p.443

p.444

p.445

p.446

p.447

p.448

p.449

p.450

p.451

p.452

p.453

p.454

p.455

p.456

p.457

p.458

p.459

p.460

p.461

p.462

p.463

Geologic history, by B. L. Miller - p.464-472

p.464

p.465

p.466

p.467

p.468

p.469

p.470

p.471

p.472

Industrial development, by B. L. Miller - p.473-486

Man-made advantages of the region - p.473-474

p.473

p.474

Survey of the major industries - p.475-480

p.475

p.476

p.477

p.478

p.479

p.480

Chemical manufactures - p.481-482

p.481

p.482

Textiles - p.483

Lumber and lumber products - p.484

Paper and paper products - p.485

Newspapers and printing establishments - p.485

Leather and leather goods - p.485

Tobacco - p.486

Index - p.487-496

p.487

p.488

p.489

p.490

p.491

p.492

p.493

p.494

p.495

p.496

Illustrations

Plates

01.Geologic map of Northampton County - In pocket

02.Aerial view of Deleware Water Gap - Frontispiece

03.Hexenkopf Rock (Pochuck gneiss), top of Hexenkopf Hill - p.120

04.A, Hillside creep in shaly Hardyston; B, "Devil's Potato Patch" - p.121

05.Delaware Water Gap and Pen Argyl Wind Gap - p.137

06.Photomicrographs of pyroxene crystals in Franklin limestone - p.171

07.Photomicrographs of highly sheared rocks from Morgan Hill area - p.176

08.A, Pochuck gneiss; B, Pochuck gneiss invaded by Byram gneiss - p.177

09.Photomicrographs of Pochuck gneiss - p.178

10.Jointing in Byram granite gneiss on crest of Green Hill - p..191

11.Photomicrographs of pegmatitic material cutting the Hardyston in Morgan Hill - p.199

12.Hardyston sandstone in Deemer quarry near Lost Cave, Hellertown - p.220

13.Cryptozoon proliferum, common plant fossil in Allentown limestone - p.237

14.A, Oolite, Allentown limestone; B, Allentown limestone with light and dark strata - p.238

15.Crumpled Jacksonburg cement rock containing veins of calcite and quartz - p.252

16.A, Illinoian till, Georgetown; B, Drift on Martinsburg slate, southeast of Lehigh Gap - p.287

17.A, Illinoian till, Bingen; B, Drift on Martinsburg slate, northeast of Walnutport - p.288

18.Folded Beekmantown limestone, south part of Northampton - p.305

19.A, Jacksonburg cement rock, Northampton; B, Anticline in Allentown limestone, Bethlehem - p.306

20.A, Faulted Allentown limestone, Freemansburg; B, Slaty cleavage in sandstones, Lehigh Gap - p.309

21.A, Faulted gneiss, north of Easton; B, Rock fall on Delaware River road at Weygadt - p.310

22.A, Limonite iron ore pit, Bahl mine, Bingen; B, Quarry of Universal Atlas Cement Company - p.338

23.Williams Church, one mile east of Lower Saucon, built of gneiss - p.383

24.A, House constructed of waste blocks of slate; B, Kilns of Saucon Valley Brick Company - p.384

25.Slate quarries near Pen Argyl - p.386

26.A, Williams' serpentine quarry; B, Plant of Portland Sand and Gravel Company, Mt. Bethel - p.392

27.A & B, Digging and screening decomposed gneiss, Morgan Hill; C, Illinoian till, Easton - p.393

28.A, Pit of Zehnder Brick Company, Easton; B, Digging Illinoian glacial till for clay, Bingen - p.402

29.A, Peat deposit near Quaker Hill; B, Casts of halite in Beekmantown limestone, Portland - p.403

Figures

01.Annual precipitation and mean annual temperature - p.088

02.Average maximum and minimum monthly temperature - p.088

03.Mean winter and spring temperature - p.089

04.Mean summer and fall temperature - p.089

05.20-year and 10-year moving temperature summations - p.090

06.January and February mean temperature - p.090

07.March and April mean temperature - p.091

08.May and June mean temperature - p.091

09.July and August mean temperature - p.092

10.September and October mean temperature - p.092

11.November and December mean temperature - p.093

12.Average number of days with rain - p.094

13.Average monthly precipitation - p.101

14.Maximum and minimum monthly precipitation - p.101

15.January and February precipitation - p.102

16.March and April precipitation - p.103

17.May precipitation - p.103

18.June precipitation - p.104

19.July precipitation - p.104

20.August precipitation - p.105

21.September precipitation - p.105

22.October precipitation - p.106

23.November and December precipitation - p.106

24.20-year moving precipitation summations - p.107

25.10-year moving precipitation summations - p.107

26.Monthly average of wind by miles and hours of calm - p.111

27.Monthly wind direction - p.112

28.Physiographic provinces in Pennsylvania - p.115

29.Original and present drainage of Northampton County - p.153

30.Geologic column of Northampton County - p.163

31.Geologic section across Kittatinny Mountain near Delaware Water Gap - p.294

32.Geologic section of Chestnut Ridge, NE-SW - p.298

33.Geologic section of Chestnut Ridge, NW-SE - p.299

34.Hypothetical sequence of events resulting in present relation between pre-Cambrian rocks - p.300

35.Geologic section of pre-Cambrian and Paleozoic rocks - p.302

36.Geologic section in low ridge one mile north of Hellertown - p.302

Geology of Lehigh and Northampton Counties, Pennsylvania: Historical Works

Fully Expanded Table of Contents